Cholesterol Tests: What They Are and How to Interpret Them

Cholesterol plays a vital role in your body's overall health, but maintaining a proper balance is crucial. Too much of the wrong type can increase your risk of heart disease, while the right kind of cholesterol helps protect your heart. A cholesterol test, also known as a lipid panel, measures different types of cholesterol in your blood to assess your heart health. Understanding these numbers can help you take control of your cardiovascular well-being. Let’s break down what cholesterol is and how to interpret your test results.

Cholesterol: The Good and the Bad

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but too much can lead to serious health problems. The CDC states that high levels of LDL, or "bad" cholesterol, can double the risk of heart disease.[NIH] While high cholesterol is a major concern, it is just one of several factors that contribute to overall cardiovascular health. Cholesterol is classified into different types, each playing a unique role in your body.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) – The Good Cholesterol

HDL, or high-density lipoprotein, makes up 20%–30% of total cholesterol. It is often referred to as the “good” cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the arteries and transports it to the liver for elimination. Higher levels of HDL are beneficial and are linked to a lower risk of heart disease.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) – The Bad Cholesterol

LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, constitutes 60%–70% of total cholesterol and is considered the main form of “bad” cholesterol. It contributes to the build-up of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to blockages and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Lowering LDL levels is crucial for maintaining heart health.

VLDL (Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein) – A Precursor to Bad Cholesterol

VLDL, or very-low-density lipoprotein, makes up 10%–15% of total cholesterol. Along with LDL, it is considered a primary contributor to “bad” cholesterol. VLDL carries triglycerides, another type of fat, which can also lead to plaque buildup in the arteries. Over time, VLDL eventually converts into LDL, further increasing cardiovascular risk.

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are a type of fat that circulates in your bloodstream, serving as a key energy source for the body. They are derived from excess calories, sugar, and alcohol intake, which are converted into triglycerides and stored in fat cells. As the primary form of fat in both food and the body, they play a crucial role in metabolism and energy storage. A high triglyceride level has been linked to a higher risk of coronary artery disease

What are the healthy ranges for HDL and LDL cholesterol?

Healthy cholesterol levels vary based on age and sex. HDL, often called "good" cholesterol, helps protect heart health, while LDL, known as "bad" cholesterol, contributes to plaque buildup in arteries.

Total cholesterol reflects the overall amount in the blood. When people mention high cholesterol, they typically mean elevated LDL levels. For adults, an LDL level of 160–189 mg/dL is considered high, and anything above 189 mg/dL is classified as very high, increasing cardiovascular risk. [NIH]

Here’s a detailed breakdown:

Age Group	Healthy Cholesterol Levels
19 years & below	LDL: less than 100 mg/dL HDL: more than 45 mg/dL Total cholesterol: Less than 170 mg/dL
Males (20 years & above)	LDL: less than 100 mg/dL HDL: 40 mg/dL or higher Total cholesterol:125 - 200 mg/dL
Female (20 years & above)	LDL: less than 100 mg/dL HDL: 50 mg/dL or higher Total cholesterol: 125-200 mg/dL

Cholesterol Testing

Cholesterol testing can be done in a medical setting, where a healthcare professional sends the sample to a lab for analysis and later explains the results. At-home test kits are also available, allowing users to send samples for lab processing. Some kits provide instant results by analyzing a blood drop with an electronic meter or a color-coded chart, offering a convenient way to monitor cholesterol levels.

The American Heart Association recommends that adults over 20 check their cholesterol every 4–6 years if they have a low risk of heart disease.[NIH] Those with higher risk or existing cardiovascular conditions may need more frequent testing. After 40, doctors assess heart disease and stroke risk more closely to ensure timely intervention and prevention.

Bottom Line

A cholesterol test is an essential tool in assessing heart health. By understanding the roles of HDL, LDL, and VLDL, you can take proactive steps toward maintaining a healthy balance. Regular testing, a heart-friendly diet, regular exercise, supplements, and, if needed, medication can help keep your cholesterol in check and reduce the risk of heart disease.

Take charge of your heart—stay informed, get tested, and make heart-friendly habits a priority!